E-commerce Contacto
/contact

Hawes, Endosonografía 4 edición

Robert H. Hawes


  1. Sección V: Ano y recto
  2. Cap. 19 Evaluación del esfínter anal por endosonografía
Regresar

Capítulo 19 Evaluación del esfínter anal por endosonografía.

  1. Law PJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy. Gastrointest Radiol. 1989;14:349–353.
  2. Snooks SJ, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry MM. Injury to the innervation of the pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet. 1984;2:546–550.
  3. Frudinger A, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Kamm M. Examination techniques for endosonography of the anal canal. Abdom Imaging. 1998;23:301–303.
  4. Lunniss PJ, Phillips RK. Anatomy and function of the anal longitudinal muscle. Br J Surg. 1992;79:882–884.
  5. Stoker J, Rociu E, Zwamborn AWet al., et al. Endoluminal MR imaging of the rectum and anus: technique, applications, and pitfalls. Radiographics. 1999;19:383–398.
  6. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan Set al., et al. Endosonographic anatomy of the normal anal canal compared with endocoil magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:176–183.
  7. Frudinger A, Halligan S, Bartram CIet al., et al. Female anal sphincter: age-related differences in asymptomatic volunteers with high-frequency endoanal US. Radiology. 2002;224:417–423.
  8. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan Set al., et al. Multiplanar anal endosonography: normal anal canal anatomy. Colorectal Dis. 2001;3:169–174.
  9. Sultan AH, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MAet al., et al. Anal endosonography and correlation with in vitro and in vivo anatomy. Br J Surg. 1993;80:508–511.
  10. Gold DM, Halligan S, Kmiot WA, Bartram CI. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in anal endosonography. Br J Surg. 1999;86:371–375.
  11. Lane RH, Parks AG. Function of the anal sphincters following colo-anal anastomosis. Br J Surg. 1977;64:596–599.
  12. Engel AG, Kamm MA. Relationship of symptoms in faecal incontinence to specific sphincter abnormalities. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10:152–155.
  13. Rogers J, Henry MM, Misiewicz JJ. Disposable pudendal nerve stimulator: evaluation of the standard instrument and new device. Gut. 1988;29:1131–1133.
  14. Kiff ES, Swash M. Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 1984;71:614–616.
  15. Parks AG, Porter NH, Hardcastle JD. The syndrome of the descending perineum. Proc R Soc Med. 1966;59:477–482.
  16. Jorge JMN, Wexner SD, Ehrenpreis EDet al., et al. Does perineal descent correlate with pudendal neuropathy? Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:475–483.
  17. Gilliand R, Altomare DF, Moreira Het al., et al. Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1516–1522.
  18. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot ICet al., et al. Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg. 1994;81:463–465.
  19. Denis P, Bercoff E, Bizien MF. Etude de la prevalence di l’incontinence anale chez l’adulte. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1992;16:344–350.
  20. Talley NJ, O’Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, Melton JL. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population based study. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:895–901.
  21. Lahr CJ. Evaluation and treatment of incontinence. Pract Gastroenterol. 1988;12:27–35.
  22. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI. Third degree obstetric tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ. 1994;308:887–891.
  23. Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 1991;78:312–314.
  24. Burnett SJD, Spence-Jones C, Speakman CTMet al., et al. Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:225–227.
  25. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CNet al., et al. Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1905–1911.
  26. Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JGet al., et al. Anal sphincter defects: correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery. Ann Surg. 1993;218:201–205.
  27. Sentovich SM, Wong WD, Blatchford GJ. Accuracy and reliability of transanal ultrasound for anterior anal sphincter injury. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1000–1004.
  28. Voyvodic F, Rieger NA, Skinner Set al., et al. Endosonographic imaging of anal sphincter injury: does the size of the tear correlate with the degree of dysfunction? Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:735–741.
  29. Frudinger A, Halligan S, Bartram CIet al., et al. Assessment of the predictive value of a bowel symptom questionnaire in identifying perianal and anal sphincter trauma after vaginal delivery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:742–747.
  30. Oberwalder M, Dinnewitzer A, Baig MKet al., et al. The association between late-onset fecal incontinence and obstetric anal sphincter defects. Arch Surg. 2004;139:429–432.
  31. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan Set al., et al. Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using three-dimensional endosonography. Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;97:770–775.
  32. Frudinger A, Halligan S, Bartram CIet al., et al. Changes in anal anatomy following vaginal delivery revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106:233–237.
  33. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan Set al., et al. Alteration of anal sphincter morphology following vaginal delivery revealed by multiplanar anal endosonography. BJOG. 2002;109:942–946.
  34. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Strijers RLet al., et al. Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1433–1438.
  35. Davis K, Kumar D, Stanton SLet al., et al. Symptoms and anal sphincter morphology following primary repair of third-degree tears. Br J Surg. 2003;90:1573–1579.
  36. Savoye-Collet C, Savoye G, Koning Eet al., et al. Endosonography in the evaluation of anal function after primary repair of a third-degree obstetric tear. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:1149–1153.
  37. Starck M, Bohe M, Valentin L. Results of endosonographic imaging of the anal sphincter 2-7 days after primary repair of third- or fourth-degree obstetric sphincter tears. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22:609–615.
  38. Sioutis D, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Overdiagnosis and rising rates of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIS). Time for reappraisal. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50:642–647.
  39. Walsh KA, Grivell RM. Use of endoanal ultrasound for reducing the risk of complications related to anal sphincter injury after vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD010826.
  40. Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Irion Oet al., et al. Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:643–647.
  41. Fines M, Donnelly V, Behan Met al., et al. Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study. Lancet. 1999;354:983–986.
  42. Faltin DL, Sangalli MR, Roche Bet al., et al. Does a second delivery increase the risk of anal incontinence? BJOG. 2001;108:684–688.
  43. Varma A, Gunn J, Lindow SW, Duthie GS. Do routinely measured delivery variables predict anal sphincter outcome? Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1261–1264.
  44. Donnelly V, Fynes M, Campbell Det al., et al. Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:955–961.
  45. Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AFet al., et al. Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet. 2000;355:260–265.
  46. Pinedo G, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJet al., et al. Results of repeat anal sphincter repair. Br J Surg. 1999;86:66–69.
  47. Giordano P, Renzi A, Efron Jet al., et al. Previous sphincter repair does not affect the outcome of repeat repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:635–640.
  48. Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Kettle C, Thakar R. Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD002866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002866.
  49. Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Koorevaar M. Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image: a prospective clinical study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:878–885.
  50. Varma A, Gunn J, Gardiner A. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: prospective evaluation of incidence. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1537–1543.
  51. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia Ret al., et al. Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:590–596. discussion 596–598.
  52. Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD. Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg. 2003;90:1333–1337.
  53. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. Lancet. 1997;349:612–615.
  54. Engel AF, Kamm MA, Talbot IC. Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence. Gut. 1994;35:857–859.
  55. Briel JW, Stoker J, Rociu Eet al., et al. External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty. Br J Surg. 1999;86:1322–1327.
  56. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Modhwadia Det al., et al. Endocoil magnetic resonance imaging quantification of external anal sphincter atrophy. Br J Surg. 2001;88:853–859.
  57. Malouf AJ, Williams AB, Halligan Set al., et al. Prospective assessment of accuracy of endoanal MR imaging and endosonography in patients with fecal incontinence. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:741–745.
  58. Felt-Bersma RJ, van Baren R, Koorevaar Met al., et al. Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery: a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:249–253.
  59. Abbasakoor F, Nelson M, Beynon Jet al., et al. Anal endosonography in patients with anorectal symptoms after haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1522–1524.
  60. Gattuso JM, Kamm MA, Halligan SM, Bartram CI. The anal sphincter in idiopathic megarectum: effects of manual disimpaction under general anesthetic. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:435–439.
  61. Ho YH, Tsang C, Tang CLet al., et al. Anal sphincter injuries from stapling instruments introduced transanally: randomized, controlled study with endoanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:169–173.
  62. Farouk R, Duthie GS, Lee PW, Monson JR. Endosonographic evidence of injury to the internal anal sphincter after low anterior resection: long-term follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:888–891.
  63. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Prospective study of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1031–1033.
  64. Garcia-Granero E, Sanahuja A, Garcia-Armengol Jet al., et al. Anal endosonographic evaluation after closed lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:598–601.
  65. Tjandra JJ, Lim JF, Hiscock R, Rajendra P. Injectable silicone biomaterial for fecal incontinence caused by internal anal sphincter dysfunction is effective. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:2138–2146.
  66. Maeda Y, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of perianal silicone injection for faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9:357–361.
  67. Guerra F, La Torre M, Giuliani Get al., et al. Long term evaluation of bulking agents for the treatment of fecal incontinence: clinical outcomes and ultrasound evidence. Tech Coloproct. 2015;19:23–27.
  68. Frudinger A, Kölle D, Schwaiger Wet al., et al. Muscle-derived cell injection to treat anal incontinence due to obstetric trauma: pilot study with 1 year follow-up. Gut. 2010;59:55–61.
  69. Frudinger A, Pfeifer J, Paede J. Autologous skeletal muscle-derived cell injection for anal incontinence due to obstetric trauma: a five-year follow-up of an initial study of ten patients. Colorect Dis. 2015;17:794–801.
  70. Choen S, Burnett S, Bartram CI, Nicholls RJ. Comparison between anal endosonography and digital examination in the evaluation of anal fistulae. Br J Surg. 1991;78:445–447.
  71. Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Bartram CIet al., et al. Clinical examination, endosonography, and magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative assessment of fistula-in-ano: comparison to an outcome based reference standard. Radiology. 2004;233:674–681.
  72. Buchanan G, Halligan S, Williams Aet al., et al. Effect of MRI on clinical outcome of recurrent fistula-in-ano. Lancet. 2002;360:1661–1662.
  73. Kruskal JB, Kane RA, Morrin MM. Peroxide-enhanced anal endosonography: technique, image interpretation, and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2001;21:173–189.
  74. Buchanan GN, Bartram CI, Williams ABet al., et al. Value of hydrogen peroxide enhancement of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound in fistula-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:141–147.
  75. West RL, Zimmerman DD, Dwarkasing Set al., et al. Prospective comparison of hydrogen peroxide-enhanced three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging of perianal fistulas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1407–1415.
  76. Ding JH, Bi LX, Zhao Ket al., et al. Impact of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound on the outcome of anal fistula surgery: a prospective cohort study. Colorectal Dis. 2015;17:1104–1112.
  77. Halligan S, Sultan A, Rottenberg G, Bartram CI. Endosonography of the anal sphincters in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10:79–82.
  78. Marshall M, Halligan S, Fotheringham Tet al., et al. Predictive value of internal anal sphincter thickness for diagnosis of rectal intussusception in patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Br J Surg. 2002;89:1281–1285.
  79. Hosie GP, Spitz L. Idiopathic constipation in childhood is associated with thickening of the internal anal sphincter. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:1041–1043. discussion 1043–1044.
  80. Keshtgar AS, Ward HC, Clayden GS, Sanei A. Thickening of the internal anal sphincter in idiopathic constipation in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20:817–823.
  81. Jones NM, Humphreys MS, Goodman TRet al., et al. The value of anal endosonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging following the repair of anorectal malformations. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33:183–185.
  82. Yamataka A, Yoshida R, Kobayashi Het al., et al. Intraoperative endosonography enhances laparoscopy-assisted colon pull-through for high imperforate anus. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1657–1660.
  83. Stensrud KJ, Emblem R, Bjørnland K. Anal endosonography and bowel function in patients undergoing different types of endorectal pull-through procedures for Hirschprung disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:1341–1346.
  84. Tarantino D, Bernstein MA. Endoanal ultrasound in the staging and management of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal: potential implications of a new ultrasound staging system. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:16–22.
  85. Lund JA, Sundstrom SH, Haaverstad Ret al., et al. Endoanal ultrasound is of little value in follow-up of anal carcinomas. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:839–842.
  86. Murad-Regadas SM, Fernandes GO, Regadas FSet al., et al. How much of the internal sphincter may be divided during lateral sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure in women? Morphologic and functional evaluation after sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56:645–651.
  87. Alberquerque A, Pereira E. Current applications of transperineal ultrasound in gastroenterology. World J Radiol. 2016;8:370–377.
  88. Ros C, Martínez-Franco E, Wozniak MMet al., et al. Postpartum 2D and 3D ultrasound evaluation of the anal sphincter complex in women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49:508–514.
  89. Valsky DV, Cohen SM, Lipschuetz Met al., et al. Third- or fourth-degree intrapartum anal sphincter tears are associated with levator ani avulsion in primiparas. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:709–715.
Regresar